每年臨近諾貝爾頒獎週,我必以花生友心態去了解一下該年度不幸被外圍看好的作家名單,説不幸因為重點是賠率,而賠率決定一切,因為頂頭大熱的慣例不會得獎。今年我發現 The New Republic 記者在預測得奬者時,索性把一眾殿堂級作家們形容成貼地生物,譬如乾脆叫 Margaret Atwood 做 Canadian Twitter user,介紹 Don DeLillo 是沒有奇連伊士活般多產(的作家),而為人所熟悉的村上春樹(我敢買他十年內不會獲獎,原因另説。By the way,本人燈力不弱)其實和無印櫸木傢俬怖置的房間無異。
當然,最後年度得獎美國女詩人露伊絲·葛綠珂(Louise Glück)亦榜上有名,被記者形容為「least irritating poet whose work you regularly encounter on Instagram」(譯:最不令人生厭的詩人,而你必經常在IG上看到她的作品)—1賠25。
朋友告訴我葛綠珂得獎時,我暗笑了,不是因為我下了注,而是典型水瓶男特質發作,心怡偏冷門。反思 The New Republic 記者對葛綠珂的形容,其實不無道理。對我來説她作品,如要打個比喻,可算是關東煮—容易入口,門檻較低,隨和,不嘩眾取寵,最緊要是有溫度。
2018年普立茲獎(詩歌組別)得獎者 Frank Bidart 說過,任何人想了解(美國)當代詩歌/文學之精鍊,大可以在兩星期內順序的把葛綠珂作品翻閱一遍。以1968年 Firstborn 計起,葛綠珂已出版14本詩集(其中Poems: 1962-2012為結集)及2本關於詩歌的散文集。我沒有照 Bidart 的建議行事;我第一本接觸葛綠珂的作品是 A Village Life (2009),書中的詩敍事性較強,與其説是透過描寫農村生活思考大自然,倒不如説作品不斷模糊人和自然世界的界線,有時擬人,而人又偏逃不過自然定律,詩的最高境界莫過於將讀者視點摧毁,然後建構在更高的層次,真正的「製」高點。
“Pastoral”(暫譯:《田園詩》)一詩開頭便借日常定律説明世界/世事是一場看見的和看不見的角力:
The sun rises over the mountain.
Sometimes there's mist
but the sun's behind it always
and the mist isn't equal to it.
The sun burns its way through,
like the mind defeating stupidity.
When the mist clears, you see the meadow.
有如年度諾貝爾獎評審所說,葛綠珂是個”clarifying poet” (蘋果日報譯為「以追求清晰為特徵」),如上節錄,句法不花巧,沒濫用詞彙,卻精準,有點像 Seamus Heaney (但Heaney 更喜歡用形容詞), 讀者焦點卻逐行逐行的被推翻,而我們對世界的既定認知也因而逐行被毀滅重建,(重讀時,我感覺到詩人在detox我的眼睛)。此詩的威力在於它之後慢慢由田園詩格局推向探討人,這亦是溫度的來源:
... people flee—and for a while, away from here,
they're exuberant, surrounded by so many choices—
......
When they come back, they're worse.
They think they failed in the city,
not that the city doesn't make good its promises.
They blame their upbringing: youth ended and they're back,
silent, like their fathers.
村內的人因為青春決定離鄕別井往城市闖,而後來又因為青春耗盡而回家,後來發現與上一輩同屬廢佬行列,好像被蒙蔽,而挫敗是早有預備的藍圖,是消極,但某程度亦是自決的後果。書中另一叫”Noon” 也有説過「大好青春要盡耗」的概念:
They're not grown up—more like a boy and girl, really.
School's over. It's the best part of summer, when it's still beginning—
the sun's shining, but the heat isn't intense yet.
And freedom hasn't gotten boring.
葛綠珂往往在描寫外在世界是擲下金句(十分IG-able!),輕描淡寫一句「And freedom hasn't gotten boring」詞簡意深,其實也運用了小説全知敍述者的技巧,沒有説出的更是重要—詩人老了,生存是磨蝕的機器,也不斷反思回憶,童年,過去,有如她在早期作品"Nostos"(輯錄於Meadowlands,1996)所説:「We look at the world once, in childhood./ The rest is memory.」
説到早期作品,不得不提獲得普立茲獎1992年出版的Wild Iris,亦是葛綠珂到現時唯一有中譯本的詩集*(譯本名《野鳶尾》,陳育虹譯,寶瓶文化,2017)。坦白說,我初次閱讀時,沒有很喜歡,大概是太年輕不懂欣賞,也對此書意圖玩重建聖經裏伊甸園的概念感到膩。但現在以project book概念詩集的角度出發重讀,發現葛綠珂對大自然的不同處理手法。她直接把聲音注入不同品種的花,所以書中有一部分的詩變成persona poems,直接向聖經伊甸園故事挑機。例如:
I am not to speak to you
in the personal way. Much
has been passed between us. (“Matins”)
Not I, you idiot, not self, but we, we—waves
of sky blue like
a critique of heaven... (“Scilla”)
... we do not grieve
as you grieve, dear
suffering master; you
are no more lost
than we are... (“Violets”)
What is my heart to you
that you must break it over and over
like a plantsman testing
his new species? (“Matins”)
葛綠珂的聲音看似零碎散落在不同的花卉和植物,但這還未算分裂。詩集中還有從風(代表造物者力量),園丁等視角出發的抒情詩,有控訴,有自嘲,有自隣,有堅強,但一句到尾,所有聲音和情緒全部來自詩人本身。有說葛綠珂早年受到精神性厭食症等創傷影響,但我沒有太多興趣去用trauma角度去解讀她的橫誇超過四十年的作品,這太單一,而且只會停留在主題和動機層面上。我喜歡寫作,比較著眼技巧和如何創新,況且這世界受過創傷的比比皆是,只是程度不同。自己的故事,自己最清楚怎樣説,有時模糊也是清晰的一種。
My story begins very simply: I could speak and I was happy.
Or: I could speak, thus I was happy.
Or: I was happy, thus speaking.
I was like a bright light passing through a dark room.
(“Faithful and Virtuous Night”,輯錄於同名詩集,2014)
後註:葛綠珂有一句說話我會間中拿出來思考,大概是這樣: 每一首詩的開始源於詩人所不知道或了解的,而終結於詩人不知道存在的。
*編按:另外,葛綠珂在中國大陸亦有兩本詩集結集的簡體中文譯本,包括《直到世界反映了靈魂最深層的需要》和《月光的合金》,均於2016年由上海人民出版社出版。
(標題為編輯擬定)